モデルはすでに知っている:教えずに問い方を学ぶ、視覚言語モデルの少数ショット適応のためのソフトプロンプティング
Your Model Already Knows Don't Teach It, Learn to Ask It: Soft Prompting for Few-Shot Adaptation of Vision-Language Models
視覚言語モデルの少数ショット物体検出において、バックボーンを凍結したまま少数の連続プロンプトトークンを最適化するソフトプロンプティングを検討し、プロンプト配置と初期化の設計選択を明らかにした。LoRAと同等精度を2万倍少ないパラメータで達成し、破滅的忘却も回避できることを示した。
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著者: Gautam Rajendrakumar Gare, Siyi Li, Hewei Wang, Cesar Daniel Hernandez, Wei Zhao, Wolfgang M. Pauli, John Galeotti, Deva Ramanan
分類: cs.CV, cs.AI, cs.LG, eess.IV, stat.ML
原文アブストラクト
We address few-shot object detection with vision-language models (VLMs) in out-of-domain settings such as aerial, industrial, and medical imagery, using only ten annotated images for supervision. Existing adaptation methods are discrete prompt optimization and LoRA fine-tuning. We revisit a third option: soft prompting, where a small number of continuous prompt tokens are optimized while the pretrained backbone remains frozen. We identify two key design choices. First, placing prompt tokens at the cross-modal boundary between visual and text tokens outperforms other placements (10.0 vs. 8.4 mAP). Second, initializing prompts from the empty space token outperforms semantic and random initialization. With these choices, one to three learned tokens (7,168 parameters on average) match the best LoRA configuration on Roboflow20-VL (14.2 mAP, 10-shot) while training over 20,000x fewer parameters. Soft prompting remains harder to optimize, exhibiting higher variance across random seeds. Unlike LoRA, however, it causes no forgetting: the LoRA rank matching our accuracy reduces NaturalBench VQA accuracy by 35% relative, rising to 56% at the largest rank, whereas soft prompting leaves pretrained performance unchanged. The learned tokens behave like prompts rather than weights. They transfer to a newer model without retraining (+0.8 mAP on Qwen3.5-9B) and can be verbalized into readable prompts competitive with prompt-search methods (matching DetPO and outperforming GEPA). The approach also extends beyond detection. On RoboCasa manipulation tasks, the frozen $π_{0.5}$ vision-language-action policy benefits from soft prompting, matching the LoRA baseline on two of three tasks when tokens are placed at the gradient bottleneck. These results suggest modern VLMs already encode much of what is needed for specialized domains; the challenge is learning how to ask.