信念状態エンジン:部分観測下での原理的計画のためのLLM拡張
Belief-State Engine: Augmenting LLMs for Principled Planning Under Partial Observability
LLMの外側にベイズ信念を維持する推論モジュールを置き、生の履歴ではなく信念事後分布のみをLLMに渡すことで、POMDP上の健全なマルコフ方策として計画できるようにした研究。
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著者: Arnab Chattopadhayay, Debdipta Halder
分類: cs.AI, cs.LG, cs.RO
原文アブストラクト
Large language model agents produce fluent action sequences across a wide range of tasks, yet they fail in characteristic ways once the environment becomes partially observable. Ambiguous feedback pushes them into premature commitments. A single informative observation can collapse their uncertainty onto the wrong hypothesis. Policies drift as the history grows. We trace these symptoms to a common structural cause. An LLM agent, as commonly deployed, is a history-conditioned policy with no explicit belief over hidden state. We propose an architectural fix. The Belief-State Engine (BSE) is an inference module placed outside the LLM. It maintains a Bayesian posterior over the latent states of a given POMDP (Partially Observable Markov Decision Process) model, and at each decision step it exposes only that posterior to the LLM. The raw action-observation log is not shown. We set out a minimal four-axiom specification of what a belief-consistent internal state must satisfy, and prove that the LLM paired with the BSE is a sound Markov policy on the belief MDP induced by the underlying POMDP. It therefore inherits the Bellman optimality guarantees of classical POMDP theory, provided the LLM is never exposed to the raw history. We evaluate the architecture on the Tiger POMDP and a red-team attack-graph task, against six baselines: a reactive LLM, Chain-of-Thought, ReAct, a natural-language belief tracker, QMDP, and POMCP. Across both domains, the BSE-augmented agent improves task return, belief calibration, and decision consistency. Ten targeted ablations isolate the contribution of each architectural choice confirms that the effect is not specific to any one model. Code, environment specifications, prompt templates, and seed logs accompany this paper.